so the reason emergency calls work without a carrier is regulatory + technical: phones are legally required to connect to !!any!! available network for emergencies, and carriers must accept them even from non-customers. if every call had that priority, the system would collapse, networks are sized for expected paid traffic, not β€œeveryone roams freely on everyone’s towers.” it’s not just volume, it’s also billing, authentication, and fairness between carriers. emergencies are the exception precisely because they’re rare and life-critical

about sat phones: signal coverage depends on the constellation. iridium for example has 66 satellites in low orbit nd genuinely covers the entire planet, poles included. thuraya and inmarsat use geostationary sats over the equator, so they cover most of the world but not the polar regions (above ~70Β° lat). also, sat phones need line of sight to the sky, so they don’t work indoors, in deep canyons, dense jungle canopy, or underground/underwater.

open sky = signal :D